machining.31 Combined, these economic headwinds mean that China must increase domestic consumption for Chinese-produced goods now too expensive for many traditional export markets while at the same time replacing vital access to the Western high-technology inventions and processes that it has relied on for economic expansion during its impressive t

The United States and China com- menced a trade war 2 years before the beginning of the COVID-19 global pandemic, and competitive trade tensions show no signs of abating.30 China also faces a new challenge. Beginning in 2022, the United States has led other Western countries in establishing export restrictions on key technologies like advanced semi

expected to remain sluggish for the remainder of the decade when compared to recent Chinese norms.28 Part of China’s economic slowdown came from almost 3 years of self-imposed “Zero COVID” domestic lockdowns. The slowdown coincides with President Xi Jinping’s crackdown on the autonomy of a broad array of businesses and commercial enterprise